What is a Nickle (direct lightning)?
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A direct strike is a phenomenon in which lightning strikes a structure, equipment, power line, etc. directly .
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In this case, voltages exceeding approximately 20 kV and overcurrents exceeding several kA to 300 kA may occur, which may cause physical damage to structures or equipment, rupture, fire, hardware damage , etc.
Other bibliography (bibliography type)
Depending on the cause of occurrence, surges are classified as follows:
1. Lightning surge
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Direct lightning : Same as the nick lightning (direct lightning) described above.
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Indirect lightning : A phenomenon in which lightning strikes a power transmission line, communication line, etc. and a surge is transmitted through the line. This occurs most frequently and causes great damage as large amounts of energy of 6,000 V or more are generated.
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Induced lightning : A surge induced through conductors such as buried power lines, communication lines, and metal pipes when lightning strikes the nearby ground . The ground potential rises sharply, causing high voltage and current to flow in.
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Lightning discharge : A phenomenon in which an electric charge induced by a discharge between clouds and the ground, within a cloud, or between clouds flows to power lines, metal objects, or the ground, damaging equipment.
2. Opening and closing surge
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Switching surge is a surge that occurs during electrical switching operations such as switching large-capacity equipment, switching inductive loads, and starting .
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It is divided into external opening and internal opening.
3. System failure
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System fault surges are surges that occur due to ground faults, momentary power outages, and other faults in the power system .
4. Other bibliography
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Electrostatic discharge : A surge caused by electrostatic discharge.
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Nuclear explosions, electromagnetic pulses : Also includes electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) from high-altitude nuclear explosions or electromagnetic pulses.
Key Features and Impacts of Surge
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A surge is an AC voltage condition that increases by 5 to 20% above the normal voltage, or a momentary voltage/current spike lasting from nanoseconds to milliseconds .
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It can be caused by various reasons such as lightning, opening and closing, and electrostatic discharge, and can cause damage such as electronic device malfunction, damage, and fire .
Note: Surge protection measures
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A variety of protective devices are used, including surge protective devices (SPDs) , lightning rods , and grounding systems .
Types of lightning surges
division |
explanation |
Main Damage and Features |
Direct call |
Lightning strikes directly onto structures, equipment, etc. |
Physical damage, fire, overcurrent/overvoltage |
Indirect lightning |
Lightning strikes on power transmission lines, communication lines, etc., surge conduction through the lines |
Large energy, frequent, equipment damage |
Torpedo |
Lightning strikes to nearby ground are induced through conductors (power lines, etc.) |
Ground potential rise, high voltage and high current inflow |
Lightning discharge |
Charges induced by cloud/ground/intracloud/intercloud discharges are introduced into the equipment. |
Damage to power lines and metal objects |